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In Internet slang, a troll (/ˈtroʊl/, /ˈtrɒl/) is a person who sows discord on the Internet by starting arguments or upsetting people,[1] by posting inflammatory,[2] extraneous, or off-topic messages in an online community (such as a forum, chat room, or blog), either accidentally[3][4] or with the deliberate intent of provoking readers into an emotional response[5] or of otherwise disrupting normal on-topic discussion.[6]

While this sense of the word troll and its associated verb trolling are associated with Internet discourse, media attention in recent years has made such labels subjective, with trolling also used to describe intentionally provocative actions and harassment outside of an online context. For example, mass media has used troll to describe "a person who defaces Internet tribute sites with the aim of causing grief to families."[7][8]
Contents

    1 Usage
    2 Origin and Etymology
        2.1 In other languages
    3 Trolling, identity, and anonymity
    4 Concern troll
    5 Troll sites
    6 Media coverage and controversy
        6.1 Australia
        6.2 United Kingdom
        6.3 United States
    7 Examples
    8 See also
    9 References
    10 Further reading
    11 External links
        11.1 Trolling advocacy and safety
        11.2 Background and definitions
        11.3 Academic and debate

Usage
The advice to ignore rather than engage with a troll is sometimes phrased as "Please do not feed the trolls."

Application of the term troll is subjective. Some readers may characterize a post as trolling, while others may regard the same post as a legitimate contribution to the discussion, even if controversial. Like any pejorative term, it can be used as an ad hominem attack, suggesting a negative motivation.

As noted in an OS News article titled "Why People Troll and How to Stop Them" (January 25, 2012), "The traditional definition of trolling includes intent. That is, trolls purposely disrupt forums. This definition is too narrow. Whether someone intends to disrupt a thread or not, the results are the same if they do.[3][4] Others have addressed the same issue, e.g., Claire Hardaker, in her Ph.D. thesis[4] "Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions",[9] and Dr. Phil. Popular recognition of the existence (and prevalence) of non-deliberate, "accidental trolls", has been documented widely, in sources as diverse as the Urban Dictionary,[10] Nicole Sullivan's keynote speech at the 2012 Fluent Conference, titled "Don't Feed the Trolls"[11] Gizmodo,[12] online opinions on the subject written by Silicon Valley executives[13] and comics.[14]

Regardless of the circumstances, controversial posts may attract a particularly strong response from those unfamiliar with the robust dialogue found in some online, rather than physical, communities. Experienced participants in online forums know that the most effective way to discourage a troll is usually to ignore it[citation needed], because responding tends to encourage trolls to continue disruptive posts – hence the often-seen warning: "Please do not feed the trolls".

A popular early article defining and explaining the issue of Internet Trolls included the suggestion, The only way to deal with trolls is to limit your reaction to reminding others not to respond to trolls..[1]

The "trollface" is an image occasionally used to indicate trolling in Internet culture.[15][16][17]
Origin and Etymology

There are competing theories of where and when troll was first used in Internet slang, with numerous unattested accounts of BBS and UseNet origins in the early 80s or before.

The origin of the English noun troll in the standard sense of ugly dwarf or giant dates to 1610 and comes from the Old Norse word 'troll' meaning giant or demon.[18] The word evokes the trolls of Scandinavian folklore and children's tales, where they are at times beings bent on mischief and wickedness.[19]

In modern English usage, trolling may describe the fishing technique of slowly dragging a lure or baited hook from a moving boat[20] whereas trawling describes the generally commercial act of dragging a fishing net.

Early non-Internet related slang use of trolling for actions deliberately performed to provoke a reaction can be found in the military—by 1972 the term trolling for MiGs was documented in use by US Navy pilots in Vietnam.[21]

The contemporary slang use of the term is alleged to have appeared on the Internet in the late 1980s,[22] but the earliest known attestation is from the OED in 1992.[23]

Another claim sets the origin in Usenet in the early 1990s as in the phrase "trolling for newbies", as used in alt.folklore.urban (AFU).[24][25] Commonly, what is meant is a relatively gentle inside joke by veteran users, presenting questions or topics that had been so overdone that only a new user would respond to them earnestly. For example, a veteran of the group might make a post on the common misconception that glass flows over time. Long-time readers would both recognize the poster's name and know that the topic had been discussed a lot, but new subscribers to the group would not realize, and would thus respond. These types of trolls served as a practice to identify group insiders. This definition of trolling, considerably narrower than the modern understanding of the term, was considered a positive contribution.[24][26] One of the most notorious AFU trollers, David Mikkelson,[24] went on to create the urban folklore website Snopes.com.

By the late 1990s, alt.folklore.urban had such heavy traffic and participation that trolling of this sort was frowned upon. Others expanded the term to include the practice of playing a seriously misinformed or deluded user, even in newsgroups where one was not a regular; these were often attempts at humor rather than provocation. In such contexts, the noun troll usually referred to an act of trolling, rather than to the author.
In other languages

In Chinese, trolling is referred to as bái mù (Chinese: 白目; literally "white eye"), which can be straightforwardly explained as "eyes without pupils", in the sense that whilst the pupil of the eye is used for vision, the white section of the eye cannot see, and trolling involves blindly talking nonsense over the internet, having total disregard to sensitivities or being oblivious to the situation at hand, akin to having eyes without pupils. An alternative term is bái làn (Chinese: 白爛; literally "white rot"), which describes a post completely nonsensical and full of folly made to upset others, and derives from a Taiwanese slang term for the male genitalia, where genitalia that is pale white in colour represents that someone is young, and thus foolish. Both terms originate from Taiwan, and are also used in Hong Kong and mainland China. Another term, xiǎo bái (Chinese: 小白; literally "little white") is a derogatory term that refers to both bái mù and bái làn that is used on anonymous posting internet forums. Another common term for a troll used in mainland China is pēn zi (Chinese: 噴子; literally "sprayer, spurter").

In Japanese, tsuri (釣り?) means "fishing" and refers to intentionally misleading posts whose only purpose is to get the readers to react, i.e. get trolled. arashi (荒らし?) means "laying waste" and can also be used to refer to simple spamming.

In Icelandic, þurs (a thurs) or tröll (a troll) may refer to trolls, the verbs þursa (to troll) or þursast (to be trolling, to troll about) may be used.

In Korean, nak-si (낚시) means "fishing", and is used to refer to Internet trolling attempts, as well as purposefully misleading post titles. A person who recognizes the troll after having responded (or, in case of a post title nak-si, having read the actual post) would often refer to himself as a caught fish.[citation needed]

In Portuguese, more commonly in its Brazilian variant, troll (produced [ˈtɾɔw] in most of Brazil as spelling pronunciation) is the usual term to denote internet trolls (examples of common derivate terms are trollismo or trollagem, "trolling", and the verb trollar, "to troll", which entered popular use), but an older expression, used by those which want to avoid anglicisms or slangs, is complexo do pombo enxadrista to denote trolling behavior, and pombos enxadristas (literally, "chessplayer pigeons") or simply pombos are the terms used to name the trolls. The terms are explained by an adage or popular saying: "Arguing with fulano (i.e. John Doe) is the same as playing chess with a pigeon: the pigeon defecates on the table, drop the pieces and simply fly, claiming victory."

In Thai, the term "krean" (เกรียน) has been adopted to address Internet trolls. The term literally refers to a closely cropped hairstyle worn by most school boys in Thailand, thus equating Internet trolls to school boys. The term "tob krean" (ตบเกรียน), or "slapping a cropped head", refers to the act of posting intellectual replies to refute and cause the messages of Internet trolls to be perceived as unintelligent.[citation needed]

Early incidents of trolling[27] were considered to be the same as flaming, but this has changed with modern usage by the news media to refer to the creation of any content that targets another person. The Internet dictionary NetLingo suggests there are four grades of trolling: playtime trolling, tactical trolling, strategic trolling, and domination trolling.[28] The relationship between trolling and flaming was observed in open-access forums in California, on a series of modem-linked computers in the 1970s, like CommuniTree which when accessed by high school teenagers became a ground for trashing and abuse.[29] Some psychologists have suggested that flaming would be caused by deindividuation or decreased self-evaluation: the anonymity of online postings would lead to disinhibition amongst individuals[30] Others have suggested that although flaming and trolling is often unpleasant, it may be a form of normative behavior that expresses the social identity of a certain user group [31][32] According to Tom Postmes, a professor of social and organisational psychology at the universities of Exeter, England, and Groningen, The Netherlands, and the author of Individuality and the Group, who has studied online behavior for 20 years, "Trolls aspire to violence, to the level of trouble they can cause in an environment. They want it to kick off. They want to promote antipathetic emotions of disgust and outrage, which morbidly gives them a sense of pleasure."[29]

In academic literature, the practice of trolling was first documented by Judith Donath (1999). Donath's paper outlines the ambiguity of identity in a disembodied "virtual community" such as Usenet:

{{Cquote|In the physical world there is an inherent unity to the self, for the body provides a compelling and convenient definition of identity. The norm is: one body, one identity ... The virtual world is different. It is composed of information rather than matter.[33]

Donath provides a concise overview of identity deception games which trade on the confusion between physical and epistemic community:
“     Trolling is a game about identity deception, albeit one that is played without the consent of most of the players. The troll attempts to pass as a legitimate participant, sharing the group's common interests and concerns; the newsgroups members, if they are cognizant of trolls and other identity deceptions, attempt to both distinguish real from trolling postings, and upon judging a poster a troll, make the offending poster leave the group. Their success at the former depends on how well they – and the troll – understand identity cues; their success at the latter depends on whether the troll's enjoyment is sufficiently diminished or outweighed by the costs imposed by the group.     ”

Trolls can be costly in several ways. A troll can disrupt the discussion on a newsgroup, disseminate bad advice, and damage the feeling of trust in the newsgroup community. Furthermore, in a group that has become sensitized to trolling – where the rate of deception is high – many honestly naïve questions may be quickly rejected as trollings. This can be quite off-putting to the new user who upon venturing a first posting is immediately bombarded with angry accusations. Even if the accusation is unfounded, being branded a troll is quite damaging to one's online reputation.[33]

Susan Herring and colleagues in "Searching for Safety Online: Managing 'Trolling' in a Feminist Forum" point out the difficulty inherent in monitoring trolling and maintaining freedom of speech in online communities: "harassment often arises in spaces known for their freedom, lack of censure, and experimental nature".[34] Free speech may lead to tolerance of trolling behavior, complicating the members' efforts to maintain an open, yet supportive discussion area, especially for sensitive topics such as race, gender, and sexuality.[34]

In an effort to reduce uncivil behavior by increasing accountability, many web sites (e.g. Reuters, Facebook, and Gizmodo) now require commenters to register their names and e-mail addresses.[35]
Concern troll

A concern troll is a false flag pseudonym created by a user whose actual point of view is opposed to the one that the user claims to hold. The concern troll posts in Web forums devoted to its declared point of view and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to share their goals, but with professed "concerns". The goal is to sow fear, uncertainty and doubt within the group.[36]

An example of this occurred in 2006 when Tad Furtado, a staffer for then-Congressman Charles Bass (R-NH), was caught posing as a "concerned" supporter of Bass' opponent, Democrat Paul Hodes, on several liberal New Hampshire blogs, using the pseudonyms "IndieNH" or "IndyNH". "IndyNH" expressed concern that Democrats might just be wasting their time or money on Hodes, because Bass was unbeatable.[37][38] Hodes eventually won the election.

Although the term "concern troll" originated in discussions of online behavior, it now sees increasing use to describe similar behaviors that take place offline. For example, James Wolcott of Vanity Fair accused a conservative New York Daily News columnist of "concern troll" behavior in his efforts to downplay the Mark Foley scandal. Wolcott links what he calls concern trolls to what Saul Alinsky calls "Do-Nothings", giving a long quote from Alinsky on the Do-Nothings' method and effects:
“     These Do-Nothings profess a commitment to social change for ideals of justice, equality, and opportunity, and then abstain from and discourage all effective action for change. They are known by their brand, 'I agree with your ends but not your means'.[39]     ”

The Hill published an op-ed piece by Markos Moulitsas of the liberal blog Daily Kos titled "Dems: Ignore 'Concern Trolls'". The concern trolls in question were not Internet participants; they were Republicans offering public advice and warnings to the Democrats. The author defines "concern trolling" as "offering a poisoned apple in the form of advice to political opponents that, if taken, would harm the recipient".[40]
Troll sites

While many webmasters and forum administrators consider trolls a scourge on their sites, some websites welcome them. For example, a New York Times article discussed troll activity at 4chan and at Encyclopedia Dramatica, which it described as "an online compendium of troll humor and troll lore".[22] This site and others are often used as a base to troll against sites that their members can not normally post on. These trolls feed off the reactions of their victims because "their agenda is to take delight in causing trouble".[41]
Media coverage and controversy

Mainstream media outlets have focused their attention on the willingness of some Internet trolls to go to extreme lengths in their attempts at eliciting reactions.
Australia

In February 2010, the Australian government became involved after trolls defaced the Facebook tribute pages of murdered children Trinity Bates and Elliott Fletcher. Australian communications minister Stephen Conroy decried the attacks, committed mainly by 4chan users, as evidence of the need for greater Internet regulation, stating, "This argument that the Internet is some mystical creation that no laws should apply to, that is a recipe for anarchy and the wild west."[42] Facebook responded by strongly urging administrators to be aware of ways to ban users and remove inappropriate content from Facebook pages.[43] In 2012, the Daily Telegraph started a campaign to take action against "Twitter trolls", who abuse and threaten users. Several high-profile Australians including Charlotte Dawson, Robbie Farah, Laura Dundovic, and Ray Hadley have been victims of trolling.[44][45][46]
United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, contributions made to the Internet are covered by the Communications Act 2003. Sending messages which are "grossly offensive or of an indecent, obscene or menacing character" is an offense whether they are received by the intended recipient or not.[47] Several people have been imprisoned in the UK for trolling.[48] Sean Duffy, who mocked the testimonial page of a dead teenager, was sentenced to eighteen weeks in prison and banned from using social networking sites for five years.[49] Jamie Counsel was sentenced to four years for trying to incite riots.[50] Trolls of the testimonial page of Georgia Varley faced no prosecution due to misunderstandings of the legal system in the wake of the term trolling being popularized.[51] In October 2012, a twenty-year-old man was jailed for twelve weeks for posting offensive jokes to a support group for friends and family of April Jones.[52] Later that month, The Register said there was a viewpoint that "the Crown Prosecution Service needs to reel in cops who are busily collaring trolls more or less at random ... usually responding to public pressure from media or social media".[53]
United States

On March 31, 2010, the Today Show ran a segment detailing the deaths of three separate adolescent girls and trolls' subsequent reactions to their deaths. Shortly after the suicide of high school student Alexis Pilkington, anonymous posters began trolling for reactions across various message boards, referring to Pilkington as a "suicidal slut", and posting graphic images on her Facebook memorial page. The segment also included an exposé of a 2006 accident, in which an eighteen-year old fatally crashed her father's car into a highway pylon; trolls emailed her grieving family the leaked pictures of her mutilated corpse.[8] In 2012, the subject of trolling was featured on the HBO series The Newsroom.
Examples

The case of Zeran v. America Online, Inc. resulted primarily from trolling. Six days after the Oklahoma City bombing, anonymous users posted advertisements for shirts celebrating the bombing on AOL message boards, claiming that the shirts could be obtained by contacting Mr. Kenneth Zeran. The posts listed Zeran's address and home phone number. Zeran was subsequently harassed.[54]

Anti-Scientology protests by Anonymous, commonly known as Project Chanology, are sometimes labeled as "trolling" by media such as Wired,[56] and the participants sometimes explicitly self-identify as "trolls".
See also
Portal icon     Internet portal

    Anti-social behaviour
    Cyber-bullying
    Flame war
    Griefer
    Heckler
    Hit-and-run posting
    Patent troll
    Poe's Law
    Social gadfly
    Sockpuppet (Internet)
    Vandal (Wikipedia)

References

    ^ a b "Internet Trolls". Internet Archive. July 2001. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
    ^ "Definition of troll". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-09-17.
    ^ a b Howard Fosdick (Wed 25th Jan 2012 06:58 UTC). "Why People Troll and How to Stop Them". OS News.
    ^ a b c Tastam90, Message # 369489 (Jun 09, 2013 at 8:32 AM PDT). "Terminology: Trolling in CNet?!?". CollegeNET.
    ^ "Definition of: trolling". PCMAG.COM (Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc). 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
    ^ Indiana University: University Information Technology Services (2008-05-05). "What is a troll?". Indiana University Knowledge Base. The Trustees of Indiana University. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
    ^ "Police charge alleged creator of Facebook hate page aimed at murder victim". The Courier Mail (Australia). 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
    ^ a b "Trolling: The Today Show Explores the Dark Side of the Internet", March 31, 2010. Retrieved on April 4, 2010.
    ^ Hardaker, Claire. (2010). "Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions". Journal of Politeness Research. Vol. 6, 215�242 1612-5681/10/006�0215. DOI 10.1515/JPLR.2010.011
    ^ "Accidental Troll". Urban Dictionary.
    ^ "DE-TROLLING THE WEB: DON’T POST IN ANGER". 2012-06-04.
    ^ MAT HONAN, date=1/06/12 11:45am. "Why We Troll".
    ^ =Mike Elgan (Jan 6, 2012). "What is a troll?". Google+.
    ^ "Accidental troll mom rage". RageComics. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
    ^ Trollface hack strikes PlayStation 3? PSU community member reports XMB weirdness.
    ^ “Pasta” y “MasterDog” ya son parte de la jerga universitaria.
    ^ “Forever Alone” y “Ay sí, ay sí”, entre los más populares.
    ^ Harper, Douglas. "troll". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
    ^ "Trolls. Who are they?". unknown. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
    ^ "troll". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
    ^ John Saar (February 4, 1972). "Carrier War". Life.
    ^ a b Schwartz, Mattathias (2008-08-03). "The Trolls Among Us". The New York Times. pp. MM24. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
    ^ "troll, n.1". Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford University Press). 2006. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
    ^ a b c Tepper, Michele (1997). "Usenet Communities and the Cultural Politics of Information". In Porter, David. Internet culture. New York, New York, United States: Routledge Inc. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-91683-7. Retrieved 2009-03-24. "... the two most notorious trollers in AFU, Ted Frank and Snopes, are also two of the most consistent posters of serious research."
    ^ Miller, Mark S. (1990-02-08). "FOADTAD". alt.flame. Web link. "Just go die in your sleep you mindless flatulent troll.". Retrieved 2009-06-02.
    ^ Zotti, Ed; et al. (2000-04-14). "What is a troll?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2009-03-24. "To be fair, not all trolls are slimeballs. On some message boards, veteran posters with a mischievous bent occasionally go 'newbie trolling.'"
    ^ Stevan Harnad (1987/2011) "Sky-Writing, Or, When Man First Met Troll" The Atlantic
    ^ "Troll (aka Trolling)". Netlingo.com. 1994-2011. Retrieved 2011-11-21. "In general, to "troll" means to allure, to fish, to entice or to bait. Internet trolls are people who fish for other people's confidence and, once found, exploit it. Trolls vary in nature."
    ^ a b Adams, Tim (24 July 2011). "How the internet created an age of rage". London: The Guardian (The Observer).
    ^ S. Kiesler, J. Siegel and T.W. McGuire (1984). "Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication". American Psychologist 39 (10): 1123–1134. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123.
    ^ M. Lea, T. O'Shea, P. Fung and R. Spears (1992). "'Flaming' in Computer-Mediated Communication: observation, explanations, implications". Contexts of Computer-Mediated Communication: 89–112.
    ^ Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1998). "Breaching or building social boundaries? SIDE-effects of computer-mediated communication". Communication Research (25): 689–715.
    ^ a b }} Donath, Judith S. (1999). "Identity and deception in the virtual community". In Smith, Marc A.; Kollock, Peter. Communities in Cyberspace (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 29–59. ISBN 978-0-415-19140-1. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
    ^ a b Herring, Susan; Job-Sluder, Kirk; Scheckler, Rebecca; Barab, Sasha (2002). "Searching for Safety Online: Managing "Trolling" in a Feminist Forum". Center for Social Informatics – Indiana University. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
    ^ J. Zhao, Where Anonymity Breeds Contempt, NY Times, 29 Nov 2010.
    ^ Cox, Ana Marie (2006-12-16). "Making Mischief on the Web". TIME. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
    ^ Saunders, Anne (2006-09-27). "Bass aide resigns for fake website postings". Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
    ^ "Bass Aide Resigns After Posing As Democrat On Blogs". WMUR. 2006-09-26. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
    ^ Wolcott, James (2006-10-06). "Political Pieties from a Post-Natal Drip". James Wolcott's Blog – Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
    ^ Moulitsas, Markos (2008-01-09). "Dems: Ignore 'concern trolls'". TheHill.com. Capitol Hill Publishing Corp. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
    ^ "How to be a Great Internet Troll". Fox Sports. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
    ^ "Internet without laws a 'recipe for anarchy', 1 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
    ^ "Facebook takes (small) step against tribute page trolls", TG Daily, 30 March 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
    ^ Jones, Gemma (2012-09-11). "Time is up for Twitter trolls and bullies | Information, Gadgets, Mobile Phones News & Reviews". News.com.au. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
    ^ "Twitter trolls attack radio host Ray Hadley, NRL star Robbie Farah". Herald Sun. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
    ^ "Twitter makes moves to prevent online trolls". Herald Sun. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
    ^ Bishop, J. (2010). "Tough on data misuse, tough on the causes of data misuse: A review of New Labour’s approach to information security and regulating the misuse of digital information (1997–2010)". International Review of Law, Computers and Technology (Taylor & Francis) 24 (3): 299–208. ISSN 1364-6885.
    ^ Tom de Castella and Virginia Brown (14 September 2011). "Trolling: Who does it and why?". BBc News Magazine (BBC News). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
    ^ Camber, Rebecca; Neville, Simon (2011-09-14). "Sick internet 'troll' who posted vile messages and videos taunting the death of teenagers is jailed for 18 WEEKS". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 2 February 2012.
    ^ "England riots: Four years for Facebook incitement". BBC News. 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
    ^ "Georgia Varley-inspired trolling law is waste of time says internet campaigner". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
    ^ "Lancashire man JAILED over April Jones Facebook posts". The Register. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
    ^ Fiveash, Kelly (22 October 2012). "Prosecutor seeks sports-bodies guidance on troll-hunting rulebook". The Register. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
    ^ a b Bond, Robert (1999). "Links, Frames, Meta-tags and Trolls". International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 13. pp. 317–323.
    ^ "All that glisters is not (Facebook) gold", CounterMeasures: Security, Privacy & Trust (A TrendMicro Blog). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
    ^ Dibbell, Julian (September 21, 2009). "The Assclown Offensive: How to Enrage the Church of Scientology". Wired. Retrieved October 5, 2010.

Further reading

    Bishop, J. (2012). Scope and Limitations in the Government of Wales Act 2006 for Tackling Internet Abuses in the Form of 'Flame Trolling'. Statute Law Review. Online (Subscription).
    Bishop, J. (2013). Examining the Concepts, Issues, and Implications of Internet Trolling. IGI Global. ISBN 1466628030.
    Walter, T.; Hourizi, R.; Moncur, W.; Pitsillides (2012). Does the Internet Change How We Die And Mourn? An Overview Online.

External links
    Look up troll in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Trolls (Internet)
    Wikinews has related news: UK court jails man for trolling online tribute pages
Trolling advocacy and safety

    The Trolling Academy - trolling advice, comment, and training
    The Troll Network - trolling discussion and comment
    Cyber Mentors - youth support group run by young people
    Get Safe Online - free expert advice on online safety

Background and definitions

    Usenet and Bulletin Board Abuse at the Open Directory Project
    NetLingo definition
    Urban Dictionary definition
    Trolling lore and essays
    Trolling news and features

Academic and debate

    Searching for Safety Online: Managing "Trolling" in a Feminist Forum
    Malwebolence – The World of Web Trolling; New York Times Magazine, By Mattathias Schwartz; August 3, 2008.