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Funny Monkey Faces Biography

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Sprung Monkey is an American band that originated in San Diego, California, USA, initially active from 1991 to 2002, and again since 2005.[1] Sprung Monkey consists of five members, Steve Summers for the vocals, Mike Summers and William Riley for the guitars, Ernie Longoria for the drums, and Tony Delocht for the bass guitar.

The band achieved mainstream success with their anthem "Get 'Em Outta Here" from their third album, Mr. Funnyface. This success resulted in supporting The Offspring on the Americana tour.[2] Around this time, they were also featured during a segment in the Standard Films snowboard movie TB8 Infinity. They have been included in all three volumes of Music for Our Mother Ocean.

The Sprung Monkey song, "So Cal Loco (Party Like a Rockstar)" appears in the credits of the film, Dude, Where's My Car? Also, "Beautiful" was featured in the film Kart Racer

Another song, "Get a Taste", was featured in the movie Van Wilder during two scenes.

A third song, "Super Breakdown", was a registered song in the 1999 action sports film, Gravity Games: Bikes.

The band itself made a guest appearance on Buffy the Vampire Slayer's first episode, "Welcome to the Hellmouth", performing the song "Believe". The songs "Saturated", "Swirl" and "Things Are Changing" are also heard in that episode. In addition, the song "Right My Wrong" is heard in "The Harvest", and "Reluctant Man" is heard in "The Pack".

The song "American Made" was featured in an episode of Smallville.
"Snow Monkey" redirects here. For the Japanese train named "Snow Monkey", see Nagano Electric Railway 2100 series.
Japanese macaque
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:     Animalia
Phylum:     Chordata
Class:     Mammalia
Order:     Primates
Family:     Cercopithecidae
Genus:     Macaca
Species:     M. fuscata
Binomial name
Macaca fuscata
Blyth, 1875
Subspecies

Macaca fuscata fuscata
Macaca fuscata yakui
Japanese macaque range

The Japanese macaque (/məˈkɑːk/;[2] Macaca fuscata), is a terrestrial Old World monkey species native to Japan. It is also sometimes known as the snow monkey because it lives in areas where snow covers the ground for months each year — no primate, with the exception of humans, is more northern-living, nor lives in a colder climate.[3][4] Individuals have brown-grey fur, red faces, and short tails. There are two subspecies.[5]

In Japan, the species is known as Nihonzaru (Nihon "Japan" + saru "monkey") to distinguish it from other primates, but the Japanese macaque is very familiar in Japan, so when Japanese people simply say saru, they usually have in mind the Japanese macaque.
Contents

    1 Physical characteristics
    2 Behavior
        2.1 Group structure
        2.2 Mating and parenting
        2.3 Communication
        2.4 Intelligence and culture
    3 Ecology
        3.1 Diet
    4 Distribution and habitat
    5 Relationship with humans
        5.1 Cultural depictions
    6 References
    7 External links

Physical characteristics
Skull of a Japanese macaque

The Japanese macaque is sexually dimorphic. Males weigh on average 11.3 kg (25 lb), while females average 8.4 kg (19 lb).[6] Macaques from colder areas tend to weigh more than ones from warmer areas.[7] Male average height is 570.1 mm (22.44 in) and female average height is 522.8 mm (20.58 in).[6] Japanese macaques have short stumps for tails that average 92.51 mm (3.642 in) in males and 79.08 mm (3.113 in) in females.[7] The macaque has a pinkish face and posterior.[8] The rest of its body is covered in brown, greyish, or yellowish hair.[6] The coat of the macaque is well-adapted to the cold and its thickness increases as temperatures decrease. The macaque can cope with temperatures as low as -20°C (-4°F).[9]

Macaques mostly move on all fours. They are semi-terrestrial, with females spending more time in the trees and males spending more time on the ground. Macaques are known to leap. They are also great swimmers and have been reported to swim over half a kilometer.[6] The longevity for the macaque averages 6.3 years, (at least for females).[10] However, they have been known to live much longer; males have lived up to 28 years and females up to 32 years.[11]
Behavior
Group structure
Macaques grooming

Japanese macaques live in matrilineal societies,[6] and females stay in their natal groups for life, while males move out before they are sexually mature.[12] Macaque groups tend to contain multiple adults of both sexes. In addition, a macaque troop contains multiple matrilines. These matrilines may exist in a dominance hierarchy with all members of a specific group ranking over members of a lower-ranking group.[13] Temporary all-male groups also exist, composed of those that have recently left their natal groups and are about to transfer to another group.[6] However, many males spend ample time away from any group[14] and may leave and join several groups.[6]
Japanese Macaques bathing in hot springs near Nagano, Japan.
Japanese Macaques bathing in hot springs near Nagano, Japan.

Males within a group have a dominance hierarchy, with one male having alpha status. The dominance status of male macaques usually changes when a former alpha male leaves or dies.[15] Other ways in which status changes is when an alpha male loses his rank or when a troop splits, leaving a new alpha position.[15] The longer a male is in a troop, the higher his status is likely to be.[16] Females also exist in a stable dominance hierarchy, and a female's rank depends on her mother. Younger females tend to rank higher than their older siblings.[13][17] Higher-ranking matrilines have greater social cohesion.[18] Strong relationships with dominant females can allow dominant males to retain their rank when they otherwise would not.[19]

Females maintain both social relationships and hygiene through grooming. Grooming occurs regardless of climate and seasonal difference.[20] Females which are matrilineally related groom each other more often than unrelated individuals.[21] Females will also groom unrelated females to maintain group cohesion and social relationships between different kinships in a troop.[22] Nevertheless, a female will only groom a limited number of other females, even if the group expands.[22] Females will also groom males, usually for hygienic purposes, but it can serve to attract dominant males to the group.[23] Mothers pass their grooming techniques to their offspring most likely though social rather than genetic means.[24]
Mating and parenting
Macaques mating

A male and female macaque will form a pair bond and mate, feed, rest and travel together, and this typically lasts 1.6 days on average during the mating season.[25] Females enter into consortships with an average of four males a season.[26] Higher-ranking males have longer consortships than their subordinates.[25] In addition, higher-ranking males will try to disrupt consortships of lower-ranking males.[27] Females will attempt to mate with males of any ranks. However, dominant males mate more as they are more successful in mate guarding.[28] The female decides whether mating will take place. In addition, dominance does not mean a male will successfully mate with a female.[6] Males may also temporarily join another troop during the mating season and mate with the females.[29] Females will also engage in same-sex mounting. Such behavior is likely because of hormones and females are mounted more often by other females than males.[30]

During the mating season, the face and genitalia of males redden and the tail will stand erect.[31] In addition, females' faces and anogenital regions turn scarlet.[31] Macaques will copulate both on the ground and in the trees,[32] and roughly one in three copulations leads to ejaculation.[33] Macaques signal when they are ready to mate by looking backward over a shoulder, staying still, or walking backwards towards the their potential partner.[34] A female will emit a "smooth-late-high coo", or "squawk", "squeak", or produce an atonal "cackle" during copulation. Males have no copulatory vocalizations.
Mother macaque with infant

A macaque mother moves to the periphery of her troop to give birth in a secluded spot,[35] unless the group is moving, when the female will have to stay with it.[36] Macaques usually give birth on the ground.[6] Infants are born with dark-brown hair.[37] They will consume their first solid food at five to six weeks old, and can forage independently from their mothers by seven weeks.[37] A mother carries her infant on her belly for its first four weeks. After this time, the mother will carry her infant on her back, as well. Infants continue to be carried up to and past a year.[37] A mother and her infant tend to avoid other troop members, and the mother may socialize again very slowly.[38] However, alloparenting has been observed, usually by females which have not had infants of their own.[37] Male care of infants occurs in some groups, but not in others; usually, older males protect, groom, and carry an infant as a female would.[39]

Infants have fully developed their locomotive abilities within three to four months.[40] When an infant is seven months old, its mother discourages suckling; full weaning happens by its 18th month. In some populations, male infants tend to play in larger groups more often than females.[41] However, female infants have more social interaction than their male counterparts.[41] Males prefer to associate with other males around same age, when they are two years old.[42] Females infants will associate with individuals of all ages and sexes.
Communication

During feeding or moving, Japanese macaques will often emit "coos". These most likely serve to keep the troop together and strengthen social relations between females.[43] Macaque usually respond to coos with those of their own.[44] It is also uttered before grooming along with the "girney" calls. Variants of the "girney" are made in different contexts.[45] This call also serves as appeasement between individuals in aggressive encounters.[46] Macaques have alarm calls for alerting to danger, and other calls to signal estrus that sound similar to danger alerts. Threat calls are heard during aggressive encounters and are often uttered by supporters of those involved in antagonistic interactions. The individual being supported will support the caller in the future